太極何以不落有無——方以智對「無極而太極」的重釋

太極何以不落有無——方以智對「無極而太極」的重釋

呂韜頻

（南開大學 哲學院，天津 300350）

摘 要：「無極而太極」是宋明儒學論述太極本體的重要命題。朱熹與陸九淵圍繞「無極」二字展開論辯，分別旨在防止太極的形器化與虛無化。方以智並非折衷朱陸，而是將問題轉化為太極如何「不離有無而不落有無」。他以「滯有」「慕無」揭示有無外在二分的偏蔽，以「即有即無」及「太極不落陰陽，而陰陽即太極」說明太極與有無相即而不混同。進而補入「有極」，使陰陽、卦爻及五行四時的現實展開獲得明確的結構位置。無極偏顯隱微，有極偏顯發用，太極貫通二者；三者並非並列的本體層級，而是隱微、顯著與貫通的關係結構。由此，方以智將「不落有無」轉化為能夠說明隱顯、體用與現實萬有的太極論結構。

關鍵詞：方以智；無極而太極；不落有無；有極；體用

How Can Taiji Avoid Falling into Either Being or Non-being? ——Fang Yizhi’s Reinterpretation of “Wuji and Yet Taiji”

LÜ Taopin

(College of Philosophy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China)

Abstract: “Wuji and yet Taiji” is a central proposition in Song–Ming Confucian accounts of Taiji. Zhu Xi and Lu Jiuyuan debated the necessity of Wuji, seeking respectively to prevent Taiji from being reified as a determinate entity and dissolved into nothingness. Rather than compromise between them, Fang Yizhi reframed the dispute as a question of how Taiji could remain inseparable from being and non-being without falling into either. His critiques of “attachment to being” and “yearning for non-being” exposed the limitations of treating being and non-being as external opposites. The formulations “being and non-being are mutually implicative” and “Taiji does not fall into yin and yang, yet yin and yang are none other than Taiji” further define a relation of mutual implication without conflation. Fang then introduced Youji, giving a definite structural place to the differentiation of yin and yang, the configuration of trigrams and hexagram lines, and the unfolding of the Five Phases and the four seasons. Wuji primarily signifies latency, Youji manifest activity, and Taiji runs through both. They constitute not three coordinate ontological levels but a relational structure of latency, manifestation, and integration. Fang thereby transformed “falling into neither being nor non-being” into a framework for explaining the latent and the manifest, substance and function, and the myriad things of the actual world. 

Key words: Fang Yizhi；Wuji and yet Taiji；falling into neither being nor non-being；Youji；substance and function

[原文下載][Download PDF]